Argumentative Essay Oppose Death Penalty

Argumentative essay Death penalty The issue of whether death penalty should be abolished or not has been widely debated for years and there are a lot of different views. It is an important issue since it concerns one of the most fundamental human rights, which is the right to live. Death is wrong when a single person commits the murder, but when the decision if a person should be killed or not is made by the society as a unit, the act is apparently justified. This essay deals with the contradiction in the arguments being given as a support to the death penalty.It will also put forward reason for why this cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment should be abolished. The death penalty is practiced in many parts of the world today. Amnesty International, the leading human rights non-governmental organisation, have been working to abolish the death penalty for over the past 20 years. But 58 countries maintain the death penalty in both law and practice, and thousands of people is executed annually in cold-blooded ways like stoning, death by deadly injection, hanging and the electric chair.These actions are being approved without any legitimate basis. First of all, the death penalty is a violation of two fundamental human rights, as laid down in Articles 3 and 5 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights: â€Å"The right to life† and â€Å"The right not to be tortured or subject to any cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment†. Fact is, the most successful form of torture is reportedly the threat of execution. From the moment you are put in death row and the minute up to the execution is one of the most agonizing form of psychological exploitation.No man or woman should endure this kind of torment, no matter what crime they have committed. Human rights are for everyone, always, and can never be forfeited. No exceptions. Furthermore, there is a risk that it can be inflicted on the innocent, and an execution is final and a life cannot be taken back. Secondly, an execution cannot work as any form of satisfaction for the victim’s family since an execution will not restore anyone’s life and the crime that first was committed by the perpetrator cannot be undone.As a matter a fact, many whose relatives or friends have been murdered, have distanced themselves from the death penalty. In addition, an execution causes a lot of grief and pain for the family of the executed, while imprisonment is giving them the opportunity to stay in contact with the confined. Thirdly, the death penalty is not a contribution to a safer society. Numerous of studies have shown that there is no scientific evidence saying that executions have a greater effect than lifetime prison when it comes to a decrease of serious violent crimes.Some research actually shows that the number of serious violent crimes is increasing directly after an execution. Furthermore, those who commit for an example premeditated murder do not think they will get busted, so it is mo re likely that the deterrent effect would be greater if the probability of getting arrested was higher. Obviously, the death penalty prevents the criminal from committing more crimes. But on the other hand, you can never be sure that the criminal would have repeated the crime if he or she is not allowed to live.Some studies actually show that murderers, as a group, are the least likely to relapse into crime after being released. In conclusion, the death penalty should be abolished. It is one of the cruellest treatments, which no man or women deserves to experience, whatever crime has been committed. Moreover, the executed could have been innocent, and an execution is final and cannot be taken back. In addition, death penalty is not a contribution to a safer society. For the reasons given, noting good can come from an execution and therefore should the death penalty with no doubt be abolished.

The Ideas of Classical Theorists

The ideas of the classical theorists, particularly those of bureaucracy and scientific management, are generally considered as rather old fashioned and out of date, and of little relevance to work and organisation today. Is this really the case? Consider the above statement through a critical examination of practices which can be identified in work today. In your analysis, you should draw upon appropriate academic material, and also other sources which can help in identifying current practices.These can include your own experiences from work, those of family relatives and friends, weblogs, working life diaries, newspaper articles and other media reports. Jean-Luc Adamson 110105367 Word Count- 1879 It is a valid and reasonable claim that the ideas of the classical theorists are outdated. Many argue that ideas of Bureaucracy by Weber and Scientific Management by Taylor do not have any relevance in modern day working practices. However these ideas have evolved as the business world has developed, and it is clear that they form the basis of many new working practices that exist in modern day organisations.By looking at the reality of these modern practices, we can see that many businesses still favour a rational approach. This approach draws elements from the ideas of bureaucracy and scientific management, and shows there relevance in current working practices. The use of a Fordist approach, as well as the â€Å"McDonaldization† of companies further demonstrates the validity of the classical theories, as a basis for new approaches. It is also important to evaluate the claim that in more recent times there has been a shift to a Post-Fordist and Post-Bureaucratic society.This proposed shift demands that a different approach to management and organisation is required, yet we have to ask the question, will the removal of bureaucratic and scientific elements in business ever be beneficial? When examining organisations the reality is often very different to the rh etoric. The rhetoric takes a more theoretical approach and tries to explain what should happen. However, in order to evaluate the relevance of the classical approaches in modern day practices, we must look at what does happen. The orthodox rhetoric executes a modern approach, where employees are a major asset, and have been empowered.Management is more â€Å"hands off† and a flexible environment suits employees. While certain businesses may adopt this theory, and it is clear that in modern business, even the more rational approaches are influenced by it, the reality is different. Since the introduction of the Fordist model, production has been dominated by this rational idea. It was designed to increase efficiency in productivity by using assembly lines and the division of labour into smaller parts increased control (Pugh D S & Hickson D J, 1989), thus dehumanizing the production process.McDonaldization is a metaphor used to describe the integral part of rational processes; s imilar to those explained by Weber and Taylor, in modern day organisations. McDonaldization is described by John Ritzer as â€Å"the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world. † (‘The Case of McDonalds’ from Wilson F, 2004). It uses the example of the fast food restaurant to explain the reality of how businesses operate; in particular those concerned with mass production.The dimensions of Mcdonaldization encompass the efficiency, calculability and predictability that it produces. Close rules and regulations, dictated by a central command, look to improve efficiency and have very strong connotations with Weber’s theory of bureaucracy. The emphasis on quantative aspects of the product and the interest in quantity over quality again convey the de-humanisation of the workforce, which portrays the parallels with Taylor’s theory of Scientifi c management.The predictability is inevitable and what firms adopting Mcdonaldization metaphor strive for, which again demonstrates the similarities with the â€Å"production line† aspect of Taylor’s theory. It is clear that the classical theories still influence todays companies, however McDonaldization appears to use elements of the rhetoric ideals, which makes it different from Fordism. Subsequently in Ritzer’s critique of McDonaldization he explains how bored workers, bent the rules for amusement to make the dull routines more bearable. like catching a girl eye, as she walked in† (‘The Case of McDonalds’ from Wilson F, 2004). Burawoy notes how these games are beneficial as they give some control back to the workforce and are thus† tolerated by management, because they enhance the efficiency of work† (BURAWOY. M, 1985). This supports the assumption that the ideas of the classical theorists are evident but have evolved and encomp assed ideas from more modern works, that insist on the idea of employee empowerment being beneficial to an organisation.Despite the more modern theorists approach, the orthodox rhetoric is essentially an â€Å"ideal† and tends to ignore the true reality of modern organisations. I have experienced firsthand, working in a fast food restaurant where it has also seen the benefits of â€Å"McDonaldizing†. The restaurant served fried food of a reasonable quality. The job required little skill and we had to follow rules on how we served, cleaned and produced the food and drink. The managers were there to make sure we followed these rules, which were in place to provide efficiency and consistency, regarding the food and service.The management however deployed a slight autocratic approach, as the chefs were able to decide what the special for the day would be, as well as the employees deciding when to clean and arrange certain advertisements and displays. My experience is an ex ample that supports the view that the classical theories are still relevant. Yet the more modern influences on this particular organisation; by allowing the employees some control, explain that those classical theories are somewhat outdate, and that they have evolved as business has developed.Instrumental rationality is very important when looking at working practices. â€Å"It helps a person decide how to do things, such as efficiently perform technical tasks, resolve conflicts and solve problems by regarding the factors involved in a situation as variable to be controlled. † (BusinessDictionary. com 2012) Instrumental rationality looks at how to organize and not why. It often disregards morals and ethics, and firms that adopt the use of instrumental rationality in there organisation are often focused on gaining maximum profits. Weber saw bureaucracy as a paradigm for instrumental rationality.He believed that Bureaucracy as the most efficient structure; and the fact it disre garded morals and ethics made bureaucracy an instrumentally rational practice. Many modern working practices still use instrumental rationality in modern day working practices; such as businesses which follow a fordist approach or firms that have â€Å"McDonaldized† practices. Taylor devoted a lot of time to looking at how instrumental rationality could be used in industry. () His conclusion to his research showed that â€Å"the means of improving worker efficiency and roductivity take precedence over the end of respect for human dignity. † This rationality shares connotations with the idea of a Fordist approach, and thus demonstrates how instrumental rationality and Scientific Management go hand in hand. Subsequently we can see through the use of instrumental rationality, the classical theorist’s views are still relevant today. A working diary of a Customer Service worker demonstrates how instrumental rationality functions in the workplace. It also conveys elem ents of Bureaucracy and Scientific Management in modern day working practices.The writer of the diary explains various situations, which show the appearance of these ideas in current practices. The woman explains how they receive gold stars for increased sales. This is patronizing and highlights the simple and regulated work that these people are asked to do. The more sales they achieve the more they are recognised. This shows instrumental rationality in the way the management deals with its employees. They are trying to increase sales by offering incentives to the workers; in the form of gold stars. Yet they are doing this at the expense of the employee’s motivation.This links in with the McDonaldization example that explains the â€Å"Irrationality of Rationality†. This concept with reference to the Working Diary shows that the firm is being rational by trying to improve efficiency within the organisation yet they are neglecting substantive rationality by ignoring th e needs of its employees. Furthermore the extent to which this worker is monitored, shows how little control the workers have over their jobs, and it is managements job to make sure they are following the rules precisely. â€Å"okay. How about last Sunday? You clocked in 27 seconds late. This demonstrates how apparent instrumental rationality is in this organisation, as it is purely about how to organize their employees and disregarding the human side of management. Thus the reality of working situations show that elements of Bureaucracy and Scientific Management still exists, but subsequently suggests that these theories are somewhat outdated despite being a reality in modern working practices. (Workstiff Diaries, customer service. 2004) The shift to a Post-Bureaucratic state in working practices, suggests that Bureaucracy is dead.The alleged shift to a post industrial society implies that the classical theorists are outdated and that there is no relevance to them in modern day wo rking practices. However when looking at the reality of current day organisations, it is important to ask the question; has there been a shift to a Post-Bureaucratic state and if so to what extent? When comparing the Fordist approach, to more recent approaches used in Businesses today, I feel that to some extent there has been a shift. An example looks at Fordism and the metaphor of McDonaldization.McDonaldization is essentially Fordism, but it offers a more human, and autocratic approach. However when looking at example such as the Workers Diary this shows, that in reality the shift towards a post-bureaucratic state; where trust, empowerment and shared responsibility become a reality, has not happened, and the ideas of the classical theorists still have a basis in modern day working practices. It is possible to argue that the views of the classical theorists are outdated. We can see that from these approaches there lacks a human element in the way that organisations that adopt thes e theories act.Despite continuous evolution of these theories, it is clear that they do not encompass the needs of their employees in modern day working practices. However to answer the question we have to look at whether the ideas of Bureaucracy and Scientific management still have relevance in modern working practices. The answer to this is that the classical theories form the basis of many working practices throughout business. In reality, many firms still adopt the ideas of the classical theorists, in different measures. A very common cliche is that no organisation is the same.Despite the notion that every business requires its own way of operating; and that a contingency theory approach is often the way forward, the ideas of the classical theorists cannot be ignored. Modern working practices have developed since Weber and Taylors theories, and they will continue to do so. However it is hard to see a time where the classical theorist’s views will not be relevant. Word Cou nt- 1879 Bibliography * Anonomous. (2012) Customer Service, WorkingStiff Diaries, from the US in the late 1990s . Working Stiff Diaries, [blog] 12th Sept 2004, Available at: http://www. weblab. rg/workingstiff/ [Accessed: Wednesday 12th December 2012]. * BURAWOY, M. (1985). The politics of production: factory regimes under capitalism and socialism. London, Verso. * Businessdictionary. com (n. d. )  What is instrumental rationality? definition and meaning. [online] Available at: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/instrumental-rationality. html [Accessed: 14 Dec 2012]. * Pugh D S & Hickson D J (1989) Writers on Organizations, 4th Edition London; Penguin, pages 94-97 * ‘The Case of McDonalds’ from Wilson F (2004)  Organizational Behaviour and Work, pps 55-59

Human Resource Management Notes Essay example - 3968 Words

MGMT 2718 Human Resource Management Notes Introduction People are our most valued resource ‘New’ emphasis on achieving organisational success through management of people HRM as the ‘organisation’s conscience’ – where workers can expect to be treated with fairness HR ‘Process’ – recruitment, selection, training and development, performance management, reward and motivation, redundancy ‘Hard’ – ‘military’ model – management as commander – dictates strategy, then HRM follows – quantitative emphasis on the numbers ‘Soft’ – HR managers may have influence on strategy Conscience of the firm or a strategic partner Issues of HRM Often the benefits of HRM oversold Employers may not be able to deliver on the promise of†¦show more content†¦Yet it improves the image of the HR department and sees HR less involved in administrative work and more involved in strategic activities. Two extreme theoretical approaches to HRM are instrumental (hard) and humanistic (soft). Instrumental HRM stresses the rational, quantitative and strategic aspects of managing human resources. Performance improvement and improved competitive advantage are highlighted. Humanistic HRM recognises the need for the integration of HR policies and practices with the organisation’s strategic objectives, but places emphasis on employee development, collaboration, participation, trust and informed choice. Roles of a HR manager: The HR manager is expected to understand the business as well as any line manager, and to be their equal in contributing to the organisation’s competitive success. They must develop and implement HR strategies that support the organisation’s business objectives, improve productivity, and enhance employee wellbeing. It is criticised for marginalizing employee-focused HRM responsibilities and downgrading ethical considerations. Also, it is too management focused, it creates role conflict, damaged HR credibility and challenged HR’s role as an employee advocate. 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BOB BEAVE DATE: 5 June 2015 INTRODUCTION I was working in Philips Company in India as a sales manager of the different types of the product and the Philips Company was founded in 1891 by Gerard Philips his father Frederik PhilipsRead MoreMgmt 410 Final Exam 100% Correct Answers1204 Words   |  5 PagesInformation Visit Our Website ( https://homeworklance.com/ ) Email us At: Support@homeworklance.com or lancehomework@gmail.com FINAL EXAM TOPICS/CONCEPTS WITH RELATED QUESTIONS (10) 1. Human Resource Management and Strategic Planning – Identify and describe the Functions for Human Resources Management Define the concept Strategy Planning within HRM? 1. Describe and give an example for the following functions: 1. Employment 2. Compensation †¢ Benefits 1. Employee Relations 2. 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Six Main Values in the Nursing Free Essay Example, 1500 words

It is important to state that successful communication between nurses and their patients ultimately results to positive outcomes, such as higher recovery rates, a feeling of being safe and protected, enhanced levels of patient contentment and better adherence to various treatment options (Anderson 2013). For example, a patient going through chemotherapy (active treatment) needs to be trained by nurses on how to put out their concerns and it is the duty of the nurse to pay attention to their concerns and symptoms. According to studies done patients and their relatives have different communication needs. When both their needs are addressed by the nurses then this ultimately contributes to the well-being of the patient (Peate 2011, p. 34). Communication-based on patient-centered approach acts as a reassurance to the family members of the patient that their relative is being given the appropriate treatment (Benzold 2005, p. 17). Constant communication needs to exist between the nurse a nd the one receiving care from the nurse, the family members of the patient, supervisors and co-workers of the nurse. Communication in the nursing profession is not an obvious or simple process but rather a skill that requires much effort. We will write a custom essay sample on Six Main Values in the Nursing or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page 41-49). Majority of patients and their relatives have fears and anxieties regarding the dying process and the actual death. Patients have anxieties of experiencing pain, persistence symptoms and desertion (Pryce-Miller Emanuel 2014, p. 17-19).

Conservation Of Liquid With A Three Year Old - 1273 Words

Conservation of Liquid with a Three-year-old Cindy Louie San Jose State University Conservation of Liquid with a Three-year-old Jean Piaget is a developmental psychologist who studied young children and analyzed their development at a young age. Piaget is well known for his four cognitive development stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal operations; as mentioned by Siegler and Alibali (2004). Siegler and Alibali (2004) also stated that these four stages begin as soon as the child is born and it continues throughout their young adolescent years all the way to adulthood. Piaget conducted numerous research experiments towards young children in order to prove his hypothesis and drew conclusions for†¦show more content†¦During this stage, children may develop mental representations but lack ability to think logically and understand reversibility. Siegler and Alibali (2004) explained that between the ages of 6 to 12 years old, a child has the ability to learn perception and take information from multiple sources and piece them together. This type of development is also critical in the cognitive stages of a child, because it develops awareness and it allows them to experience world real recognition. This is the third stage of cognitive development, also known as the operational stage. The conservation of liquid task will be apparent in distinguishing a child who is either in the pre-operational stage or operational stage due to their abilities mentioned previously. I do not agree with Piaget’s conclusion about limiting this experiment to older school-aged children because through early education and awareness, any children can pass this experiment. Since Piaget was the only one that transferred the water from one cup into the taller one, the children probably thought it was some kind of magic trick. For this modification, I allowed my little cousin, Waverly, to pour the water into the cup to show that I did not do anything to tinker with the water, and everything she saw is literally in front of her eye s.

Water Level Controller System Without Contact †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Water Level Controller System Without Contact? Answer: Introduction The project is designed to detect the level of liquid by using an ultrasonic module. The ultrasonic module measures the range of liquid level (in cm) by detecting the reflection coming ahead of it. If the measure of the level falls below a set point the pump automatically starts (Bell, 2014). The project uses a microcontroller whose serial port is interfaced with this economics module. The Tx sensor sends the ultrasonic signal reflected from the level and is received by the ultrasonic Rx sensor. These signals are then sent to a microcontroller that initiates the relay to switch the pump on or off with the help of a MOSFET (Burt, 2013). This ultrasonic level controller comprises of an ultrasonic module which detects precise range by reflection coming ahead of it. This module is interfaced with the serial port of the microcontroller. Whenever level distance measured by cm falls below a set point the pump starts since by sensing the ultrasonic module signal coming out from the Tx sensor being reflected from the level and is received by the ultrasonic Rx sensor the output of which is fed to the microcontroller (Chiah, 2013). List of outcomes The most significant outcome of this project is to build up water indicator system. In order to achieve there are some steps, have to be done in order to get the good outcomes for the project.This project will help to automatically manage water level by the pump being started automatically by water but immediately the water level goes lower than the prearranged level which is always half of the tank. And it will turn OFF the pump immediately the tank is full. This design will also help in detecting the level of fuel in the vehicles (Stanford, 2011). Initial negotiation In the beginning of the project, an initial negotiated with the project supervisor for the second semester 2017 Suresh Designing and Building the actual model On this project we will be able to build a model which will help in control the level of water in a given container. A constant of the 5V power supply is obtained from the transformer which is then connected to a bridge rectifier which changes the AC to Dc and then a voltage regulator is connected to ensure a constant DC of 5V is maintained (Chiah, 2013). The tank to which the sensor is put is connected to the 5V DC power supply and 8 wires of the sensors of which one wire is connected to the constant 5 V DC supply while others are connected to the transistors. There is the usage of the transistors in this project is very important as itoperates as an inverter, for instance, in ON mode it gives a low voltage at the output when in OFF mode it will give high voltage at its output. All the output of the transistor is connected to the PORT of the Atmega 328 Microcontroller (Stanford, 2011). Out of the 8th level (tank full condition) is not displayed in the seven section display only but also shown with a nonstop lamb which helps to give the indication. This is clearly indicated in the block diagram below. Connecting and Testing Fixing the electrical apparatuses like the microcontrollers, sensors and wires into the system and immediately this is done then the system is tested. The operation of the project is very easy to understand on the three condition operation of the sensor. Water not available If the water tank has no water there will be lack of path between the designating probes which are eight for this case and the other probe which is coupled to the +5V supply such that the base emitter region of the transistor won?t have enough biasing voltage thus it rests in a cutoff region and the output on its collector will be roughly 4.2V. And for Atmega 328 Microcontroller, it employs the active low region ( 0-2 voltage for HIGH and about 3-5 voltage for LOW). Therefore the output of the transistor which will be 4.2 V is now considered LOW by Atmega 328 Microcontroller and a default value is given to Atmega 328 Microcontroller the seven segment which displays 0 indicating that the tank has no water (Burt, 2013). Intermediate levels If the water begins to fill the tank a pathway is recognized amid the sensor probe and the corresponding transistors gets enough biasing at the base of the transistor, they begin to conduct an d now the output will be about VCe ( 1.2-1.8) and this is given by Atmega 328 Microcontroller. This microcontroller is set as an encoder of priority which helps to detect the maximum priority input and shows consistent level of in the seven 7 sector display. The water level for this condition will be in the 7th level then a discontinuous lamp will be activated which informs the operator that the tank will not be filled soon (Stanford, 2011). Water full If the tank is made full, the top of the probe obtains the pathway via water and the equivalent to transistor will get into pathway where the output set to the Atmega 328 Microcontroller with the input microcontroller not only shows the level in the seven section but also it triggers the nonstop lamp where the Audit can fathom that the tank is occupied and then turn OFF the motor and saves water. This will indicate that the water is full in the water tank (Bell, 2014). Preparing reports and presentation A progress presentation will be given on time. A final written report will be provided later on. An oral presentation and demonstration for the final product will take a place at the end of this semester Block Diagram: Hardware Specifications Microcontroller unit MOSFET Transistors Voltage Regulator LED Holder Crystal LCD (162) Transformer Ultrasonic module Diodes Lamp Relay Software Specifications Arduino compiler MC Programming Language: Embedded C References Bell, C. (2014). Behinning Sensor Network . Manchester : Apress. Burt, A. G. (2013). Water Level Sensor and Datalonger Testring and demostration. Washington business: ITRC. Chiah, Y. H. (2013). The development of capacitive Water Level Sensor . Malaysia : University of Malaysia . Stanford, H. W. (2011). HVAC Water Chillers and cooling Tower . Hull: CRC

Wofford v. Evans Essay Example

Wofford v. Evans Essay This case provides elaboration on the right to due process of a student while being detained by school and police authorities in search for a weapon in the school premises to ensure the safety and protect the lives of children entrusted to the care of school officials. The decision basically notes that parental notification is not requisite to due process.Case SummaryJennifer Wofford, mom to ten-year old M.D., filed an appeal at the U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit on the district court’s dismissal of her lawsuit against the Botentourt County School Board and Sheriff’s Department as represented by Principal Rita Evans and Associate Principal Erika Rosa of the Colonial Elementary School, including Detective Jason Markham and others. Wofford claims that M.D.’s rights to due process and freedom from unlawful seizures have been violated by the school and the county sheriff. This issue has arisen, when M.D.’s classmates reported to their teacher that M.D. brought a gun in school on the eve of Thanksgiving in 2001. M.D.’s teacher called the associate principal’s attention and thus, Erika Rosa questioned M.D. regarding the gun. M.D. permitted Rosa to search her book bag and her classroom desk but the assistant principal did not find any weapon. On the Monday following Thanksgiving, Principal Evans and Rosa continued the investigation among M.D. and her classmates. While M.D. denied the allegation, several attested that M.D. did brought a gun and one classmate, Josh Bane said that M.D. threw a black handgun into the woods near the school. Concerned, Evans and Rosa called the police and so three detectives came by mid-morning. The detectives questioned M.D.’s classmates and then M.D. who continued to deny having brought a gun to school. After sweeping the campus grounds, the detectives failed to find any gun.Salient Points of the CaseThe Appellate Court affirmed the district court with the following reasons: 1) †Å"School officials must have the leeway to maintain order on school premises and secure a safe environment in which learning can flourish.† For this, the appellate court pointed out: â€Å"when school officials constitutionally seize a student for suspected criminal activity and transmit the basis for their suspicion to the police, any continued detention of the pupil by the police is necessarily justified in its incipience.† The appellate court further explains: â€Å"when the justification for the original detention includes a concern that also warrants police involvement, no violation of the Fourth Amendment occurs if the police detain the pupil while they allay this concern.† 2) â€Å"Imposing a rigid duty of parental notification or a per se rule against detentions of a specified duration would eviscerate the ability of administrators to meet the remedial exigencies of the moment.† For this, the appellate court pointed out that: â€Å"the Constitutio n does not impose a duty of parental notification before the pupils disciplinary detainment while such school guardianship persists.†Supporting LawsThe following major jurisprudences support the case: 1) Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 570, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972) which states that â€Å"the range of interests protected by procedural due process is not infinite.† 2) Terry, 392 U.S. at 30, 88 S.Ct. 1868 which essentially says that: â€Å"law enforcement officers may depart from the procedural strictures of the Fourth Amendment when they reasonably conclude ‘that criminal activity may be afoot.’†Concurring or Dissenting Opinions:There are no concurring or dissenting opinions in this case as Judges Williams and Titus unanimously joined Judge Wilkinson’s opinion.ReferencesWest Publishing. (n.d.). â€Å"390 F.3d 318 November 19, 2004.† The Federal Reporter Volume 390 3rd Edition. Retrieved August 4, 2009, from http://bulk. resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/390/390.F3d.318.03-2209.html