The shape of the sixties

The shape of the sixties Abstract This essay is in essence talking about the idea of revolution. In the 60s there was a great deal of hardship, be it from the Civil Rights Movement to the war in Vietnam. The 60s were a very revolutionary time, people full of new ideas coming from different parts of the world. This essay will show you through music, film and speech how a revolution occurred in the 60s. The Shape of the Sixties Jefferson Airplanes co-founder, Paul Kantner once said â€Å"If you can remember anything about the sixties, then you werent really there.† Sure, â€Å"The Sixties† may have been just been a decade long party, but there was a different side to this era. The counter-culture that was the sixties undoubtedly revolutionized the world that we life in today. The music was edgy, and heavily drug influenced but marked the beginning of a whole new sound. The sixties also marked a new age of film production based on both technology and content. The speeches were controversial but shaped a better world. This era was heavily filled with controversy, scandal and crime but through this it changed the world. As Cat Stevens sings in the song Peace Train, â€Å"Ive been smiling lately, dreaming about the world as one. And I believe it could be someday its going to come.† What Cat is trying to say here is that she can see change is coming, and the world is going to be a better place, a place of equality. However America in the sixties was a very uneasy time, with the Vietnam War as well as the Civil Rights Movement. Both of these were both huge catalysts for all of the protest in the sixties. At the end of the Civil War many groups were created in order to achieve this equality but the process was painfully slow. It wasnt until this era however that hundreds of years of work finally began to pay off. The hippie movement stood up in agreement with this change, and with them came the support of the music. In 1963 Bob Dylan released the song Blowin in the Wind a non-specific song but very related to the uneasy times. This song is essentially a universal plea for humans to learn from our mistakes and to have freedom. The song has being covered numerous times and is a staple for any anti-war song. The second stanza of the song goes â€Å"How many years can a mountain exist, Before its washed to the sea? Yes, n how many years can some people exist, Before theyre allowed to be free? Yes, n how many times can a man turn his head, Pretending he just doesnt see? The answer, my friend, is blowin in the wind, The answer is blowin in the wind.† What Dylan is saying here is very clear, the people he is talking about is any group that has been oppressed or alienated should now be free, for everyone deserves freedom. The music of the sixties was not only groundbreaking and revolutionary, it was also changed the shape of music. Something happened in the sixties that was tokened as the â€Å"Britsh Invasion†, the British musicians essentially took over the American music industry and formed it into their own. This all started when The Beatles first appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show and took off into superstardom. In 1967 The Beatles released the album Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, a simply amazing record that was the anthem for the summer of 1967. This marked a new age and a new sound for what music was and will be. The sixties are when lyrics became edgy and people started to stand up against the government and oppression. In 1968 The Beatles released the song Revolution, a song with much apt to the current time. In the second verse it goes â€Å"You say you got a real solution.Well, you know. Wed all love to see the plan.† The Beatles are asking the government for their so called plan of action.1964, Dylan releasedâ€Å"With God on our Side† this is another protest song that traces the history of Americas conflicts dealing with all sorts of past wars. The lyrics are a vicious attack on the attitude that claims a war is vindicated. Music played a huge role in making the sixties a revolutionary time, and without these ext raordinary people much less would have been accomplished in this era. Through music you can see that media influence plays a lead role in bring about revolution, film in the sixties represented a decade of fun, music, fashion and countless social change. In the sixties was the first time that film began to really be about controversial subjects. The film Victim (1961) by director Basil Dearden was one of the first films to ever speak of the word â€Å"homosexuality†. This daring film was so groundbreaking and non-judgemental in that it talked about homosexuality in the early sixties. In fact when filming this movie Britain still had anti-sodomy statutes as law. Actions like these are truly the ones that make our world a better place, when people can stand up and fight against oppressive laws and belief. Without people who have the courage to stand up we would live in a painfully oppressed world today, things like slavery, alienation, segregation and even to the extreme, genocide, would still be very active in our world today. In the film industr y, just as in the music industry there was a â€Å"British Invasion† this came much from the new interest that Americans had in British fads, fashion and culture. The Beatles released three different films between 1964 and 1968, each of which was able to get across the music and its meaning to the viewer. Some of the controversial films that came out during this era are Billy Wilders satirical political farceOne, Two, Three (1961), Seven Days in May (1964), The Spy Who Came in From the Cold (1965). These films came out and really displayed a more bleak side of the war. These films allowed viewers to see a more realistic, less politically influenced perspective on what was truly happening. In the mid sixties a film company named (AIP) American International Pictures began to produce more youth orientated counter-culture films such as The Wild Angels (1966) and The Trip (1967). These films gave many a view of the counter-culture that was in America, it allowed people who were a part from the â€Å"hippie movement† to become a part of it. The Trip is about a television commercial director and his drug dealer; it is full of special â€Å"trippy† effects and is a truly psychedelic experience. Film in this era was unquestionably remarkable, it was a time of groundbreaking new ideas, and daring old ones that finally had the chance to come out. The sixties changed film for the better and allowed all audiences to view a different side to every story. If you ask anyone about the sixties one thing they will probably mention is one of the most remarkable men of all time. On August 28th, 1963 Martin Luther Kings â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech sparked a fire that would lead to the end of oppression against the black community in America. Mr. King is known today as one of the best orators and his speech was so successful because it dramatically increased awareness of The Civil Rights Movement. The third paragraph of Kings speech is this â€Å"But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we hav e come here today to dramatize an appalling condition.† King (1963). What king is saying here is very clear, blacks were promised freedom and oppression was going to be eliminated, as they stand there however, it is clear that this is not the case blacks are still being oppressed on a day to day basis. Martin Luther Kings power of speech was able to change this however, he confronted the world of its wrong doing and they realized it. King ends the speech on some of the most powerful words ever written, words of change, words that brought about a revolution â€Å"When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!†. King (1963). Wit hout this man, I wonder where the world would be today in terms of segregation. Would South Africa still have abolishment of the blacks? Would slavery still exist in America today? Would we still have political and social upheaval nearly every waking moment? Incredibly this was not Kings only subject that he talked on, he also delivered numerous speeches in an anti-Vietnam perspective. Martin Luther King was a man who really cared for everyone, he truly believed in equality. In a speech he gave to his church about Vietnam he says â€Å"Tonight, however, I wish not to speak with Hanoi and the NLF, but rather to my fellow Americans, who, with me, bear the greatest responsibility in ending a conflict that has exacted a heavy price on both continents.†King (1967). King believes that well in his words, â€Å"We must continue to raise our voices if our nation persists in its perverse ways in Vietnam.† King (1967). Sadly on April 4th, 1968 we were without this man, as he was assassinated in his soon to be free world. Martin Luther King was one of the most powerful speakers, he was able to use this to his advantage and could communicate his revolutionary ideas to a world-wide audience. Many of the people who made the sixties the incredible time that they were are no longer with us today. Sure, some people may even say that the sixties werent in fact a good decade. Be it the war, or the oppression the abundant use of illegal substances or the growing counter culture. Regardless this era was simply revolutionary, even through hardship and trouble the people who lived in this decade changed the world. Music developed a groundbreaking new sound full of meaningful and powerful words. The influence of the sixties still lives in some of the great music that is being produced today. The Films were controversial and courageous in their content. This is still prevalent in modern films in that you can produce a film on just about any given topic. The Speeches, although only powerful by few were able to change nearly an entire worlds view. Martin Luther King made the first groundbreaking steps in the Civil Rights Movement and was able to lead the way. Kings words and power sti ll live in some of todays speakers and he will always be respected by the world. The sixties was an era that was able to push its way through numerous obstacles and turn them into something better, this decade was a revolution.

Argumentative Essay Oppose Death Penalty

Argumentative essay Death penalty The issue of whether death penalty should be abolished or not has been widely debated for years and there are a lot of different views. It is an important issue since it concerns one of the most fundamental human rights, which is the right to live. Death is wrong when a single person commits the murder, but when the decision if a person should be killed or not is made by the society as a unit, the act is apparently justified. This essay deals with the contradiction in the arguments being given as a support to the death penalty.It will also put forward reason for why this cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment should be abolished. The death penalty is practiced in many parts of the world today. Amnesty International, the leading human rights non-governmental organisation, have been working to abolish the death penalty for over the past 20 years. But 58 countries maintain the death penalty in both law and practice, and thousands of people is executed annually in cold-blooded ways like stoning, death by deadly injection, hanging and the electric chair.These actions are being approved without any legitimate basis. First of all, the death penalty is a violation of two fundamental human rights, as laid down in Articles 3 and 5 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights: â€Å"The right to life† and â€Å"The right not to be tortured or subject to any cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment†. Fact is, the most successful form of torture is reportedly the threat of execution. From the moment you are put in death row and the minute up to the execution is one of the most agonizing form of psychological exploitation.No man or woman should endure this kind of torment, no matter what crime they have committed. Human rights are for everyone, always, and can never be forfeited. No exceptions. Furthermore, there is a risk that it can be inflicted on the innocent, and an execution is final and a life cannot be taken back. Secondly, an execution cannot work as any form of satisfaction for the victim’s family since an execution will not restore anyone’s life and the crime that first was committed by the perpetrator cannot be undone.As a matter a fact, many whose relatives or friends have been murdered, have distanced themselves from the death penalty. In addition, an execution causes a lot of grief and pain for the family of the executed, while imprisonment is giving them the opportunity to stay in contact with the confined. Thirdly, the death penalty is not a contribution to a safer society. Numerous of studies have shown that there is no scientific evidence saying that executions have a greater effect than lifetime prison when it comes to a decrease of serious violent crimes.Some research actually shows that the number of serious violent crimes is increasing directly after an execution. Furthermore, those who commit for an example premeditated murder do not think they will get busted, so it is mo re likely that the deterrent effect would be greater if the probability of getting arrested was higher. Obviously, the death penalty prevents the criminal from committing more crimes. But on the other hand, you can never be sure that the criminal would have repeated the crime if he or she is not allowed to live.Some studies actually show that murderers, as a group, are the least likely to relapse into crime after being released. In conclusion, the death penalty should be abolished. It is one of the cruellest treatments, which no man or women deserves to experience, whatever crime has been committed. Moreover, the executed could have been innocent, and an execution is final and cannot be taken back. In addition, death penalty is not a contribution to a safer society. For the reasons given, noting good can come from an execution and therefore should the death penalty with no doubt be abolished.

The Ideas of Classical Theorists

The ideas of the classical theorists, particularly those of bureaucracy and scientific management, are generally considered as rather old fashioned and out of date, and of little relevance to work and organisation today. Is this really the case? Consider the above statement through a critical examination of practices which can be identified in work today. In your analysis, you should draw upon appropriate academic material, and also other sources which can help in identifying current practices.These can include your own experiences from work, those of family relatives and friends, weblogs, working life diaries, newspaper articles and other media reports. Jean-Luc Adamson 110105367 Word Count- 1879 It is a valid and reasonable claim that the ideas of the classical theorists are outdated. Many argue that ideas of Bureaucracy by Weber and Scientific Management by Taylor do not have any relevance in modern day working practices. However these ideas have evolved as the business world has developed, and it is clear that they form the basis of many new working practices that exist in modern day organisations.By looking at the reality of these modern practices, we can see that many businesses still favour a rational approach. This approach draws elements from the ideas of bureaucracy and scientific management, and shows there relevance in current working practices. The use of a Fordist approach, as well as the â€Å"McDonaldization† of companies further demonstrates the validity of the classical theories, as a basis for new approaches. It is also important to evaluate the claim that in more recent times there has been a shift to a Post-Fordist and Post-Bureaucratic society.This proposed shift demands that a different approach to management and organisation is required, yet we have to ask the question, will the removal of bureaucratic and scientific elements in business ever be beneficial? When examining organisations the reality is often very different to the rh etoric. The rhetoric takes a more theoretical approach and tries to explain what should happen. However, in order to evaluate the relevance of the classical approaches in modern day practices, we must look at what does happen. The orthodox rhetoric executes a modern approach, where employees are a major asset, and have been empowered.Management is more â€Å"hands off† and a flexible environment suits employees. While certain businesses may adopt this theory, and it is clear that in modern business, even the more rational approaches are influenced by it, the reality is different. Since the introduction of the Fordist model, production has been dominated by this rational idea. It was designed to increase efficiency in productivity by using assembly lines and the division of labour into smaller parts increased control (Pugh D S & Hickson D J, 1989), thus dehumanizing the production process.McDonaldization is a metaphor used to describe the integral part of rational processes; s imilar to those explained by Weber and Taylor, in modern day organisations. McDonaldization is described by John Ritzer as â€Å"the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world. † (‘The Case of McDonalds’ from Wilson F, 2004). It uses the example of the fast food restaurant to explain the reality of how businesses operate; in particular those concerned with mass production.The dimensions of Mcdonaldization encompass the efficiency, calculability and predictability that it produces. Close rules and regulations, dictated by a central command, look to improve efficiency and have very strong connotations with Weber’s theory of bureaucracy. The emphasis on quantative aspects of the product and the interest in quantity over quality again convey the de-humanisation of the workforce, which portrays the parallels with Taylor’s theory of Scientifi c management.The predictability is inevitable and what firms adopting Mcdonaldization metaphor strive for, which again demonstrates the similarities with the â€Å"production line† aspect of Taylor’s theory. It is clear that the classical theories still influence todays companies, however McDonaldization appears to use elements of the rhetoric ideals, which makes it different from Fordism. Subsequently in Ritzer’s critique of McDonaldization he explains how bored workers, bent the rules for amusement to make the dull routines more bearable. like catching a girl eye, as she walked in† (‘The Case of McDonalds’ from Wilson F, 2004). Burawoy notes how these games are beneficial as they give some control back to the workforce and are thus† tolerated by management, because they enhance the efficiency of work† (BURAWOY. M, 1985). This supports the assumption that the ideas of the classical theorists are evident but have evolved and encomp assed ideas from more modern works, that insist on the idea of employee empowerment being beneficial to an organisation.Despite the more modern theorists approach, the orthodox rhetoric is essentially an â€Å"ideal† and tends to ignore the true reality of modern organisations. I have experienced firsthand, working in a fast food restaurant where it has also seen the benefits of â€Å"McDonaldizing†. The restaurant served fried food of a reasonable quality. The job required little skill and we had to follow rules on how we served, cleaned and produced the food and drink. The managers were there to make sure we followed these rules, which were in place to provide efficiency and consistency, regarding the food and service.The management however deployed a slight autocratic approach, as the chefs were able to decide what the special for the day would be, as well as the employees deciding when to clean and arrange certain advertisements and displays. My experience is an ex ample that supports the view that the classical theories are still relevant. Yet the more modern influences on this particular organisation; by allowing the employees some control, explain that those classical theories are somewhat outdate, and that they have evolved as business has developed.Instrumental rationality is very important when looking at working practices. â€Å"It helps a person decide how to do things, such as efficiently perform technical tasks, resolve conflicts and solve problems by regarding the factors involved in a situation as variable to be controlled. † (BusinessDictionary. com 2012) Instrumental rationality looks at how to organize and not why. It often disregards morals and ethics, and firms that adopt the use of instrumental rationality in there organisation are often focused on gaining maximum profits. Weber saw bureaucracy as a paradigm for instrumental rationality.He believed that Bureaucracy as the most efficient structure; and the fact it disre garded morals and ethics made bureaucracy an instrumentally rational practice. Many modern working practices still use instrumental rationality in modern day working practices; such as businesses which follow a fordist approach or firms that have â€Å"McDonaldized† practices. Taylor devoted a lot of time to looking at how instrumental rationality could be used in industry. () His conclusion to his research showed that â€Å"the means of improving worker efficiency and roductivity take precedence over the end of respect for human dignity. † This rationality shares connotations with the idea of a Fordist approach, and thus demonstrates how instrumental rationality and Scientific Management go hand in hand. Subsequently we can see through the use of instrumental rationality, the classical theorist’s views are still relevant today. A working diary of a Customer Service worker demonstrates how instrumental rationality functions in the workplace. It also conveys elem ents of Bureaucracy and Scientific Management in modern day working practices.The writer of the diary explains various situations, which show the appearance of these ideas in current practices. The woman explains how they receive gold stars for increased sales. This is patronizing and highlights the simple and regulated work that these people are asked to do. The more sales they achieve the more they are recognised. This shows instrumental rationality in the way the management deals with its employees. They are trying to increase sales by offering incentives to the workers; in the form of gold stars. Yet they are doing this at the expense of the employee’s motivation.This links in with the McDonaldization example that explains the â€Å"Irrationality of Rationality†. This concept with reference to the Working Diary shows that the firm is being rational by trying to improve efficiency within the organisation yet they are neglecting substantive rationality by ignoring th e needs of its employees. Furthermore the extent to which this worker is monitored, shows how little control the workers have over their jobs, and it is managements job to make sure they are following the rules precisely. â€Å"okay. How about last Sunday? You clocked in 27 seconds late. This demonstrates how apparent instrumental rationality is in this organisation, as it is purely about how to organize their employees and disregarding the human side of management. Thus the reality of working situations show that elements of Bureaucracy and Scientific Management still exists, but subsequently suggests that these theories are somewhat outdated despite being a reality in modern working practices. (Workstiff Diaries, customer service. 2004) The shift to a Post-Bureaucratic state in working practices, suggests that Bureaucracy is dead.The alleged shift to a post industrial society implies that the classical theorists are outdated and that there is no relevance to them in modern day wo rking practices. However when looking at the reality of current day organisations, it is important to ask the question; has there been a shift to a Post-Bureaucratic state and if so to what extent? When comparing the Fordist approach, to more recent approaches used in Businesses today, I feel that to some extent there has been a shift. An example looks at Fordism and the metaphor of McDonaldization.McDonaldization is essentially Fordism, but it offers a more human, and autocratic approach. However when looking at example such as the Workers Diary this shows, that in reality the shift towards a post-bureaucratic state; where trust, empowerment and shared responsibility become a reality, has not happened, and the ideas of the classical theorists still have a basis in modern day working practices. It is possible to argue that the views of the classical theorists are outdated. We can see that from these approaches there lacks a human element in the way that organisations that adopt thes e theories act.Despite continuous evolution of these theories, it is clear that they do not encompass the needs of their employees in modern day working practices. However to answer the question we have to look at whether the ideas of Bureaucracy and Scientific management still have relevance in modern working practices. The answer to this is that the classical theories form the basis of many working practices throughout business. In reality, many firms still adopt the ideas of the classical theorists, in different measures. A very common cliche is that no organisation is the same.Despite the notion that every business requires its own way of operating; and that a contingency theory approach is often the way forward, the ideas of the classical theorists cannot be ignored. Modern working practices have developed since Weber and Taylors theories, and they will continue to do so. However it is hard to see a time where the classical theorist’s views will not be relevant. Word Cou nt- 1879 Bibliography * Anonomous. (2012) Customer Service, WorkingStiff Diaries, from the US in the late 1990s . Working Stiff Diaries, [blog] 12th Sept 2004, Available at: http://www. weblab. rg/workingstiff/ [Accessed: Wednesday 12th December 2012]. * BURAWOY, M. (1985). The politics of production: factory regimes under capitalism and socialism. London, Verso. * Businessdictionary. com (n. d. )  What is instrumental rationality? definition and meaning. [online] Available at: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/instrumental-rationality. html [Accessed: 14 Dec 2012]. * Pugh D S & Hickson D J (1989) Writers on Organizations, 4th Edition London; Penguin, pages 94-97 * ‘The Case of McDonalds’ from Wilson F (2004)  Organizational Behaviour and Work, pps 55-59

Human Resource Management Notes Essay example - 3968 Words

MGMT 2718 Human Resource Management Notes Introduction People are our most valued resource ‘New’ emphasis on achieving organisational success through management of people HRM as the ‘organisation’s conscience’ – where workers can expect to be treated with fairness HR ‘Process’ – recruitment, selection, training and development, performance management, reward and motivation, redundancy ‘Hard’ – ‘military’ model – management as commander – dictates strategy, then HRM follows – quantitative emphasis on the numbers ‘Soft’ – HR managers may have influence on strategy Conscience of the firm or a strategic partner Issues of HRM Often the benefits of HRM oversold Employers may not be able to deliver on the promise of†¦show more content†¦Yet it improves the image of the HR department and sees HR less involved in administrative work and more involved in strategic activities. Two extreme theoretical approaches to HRM are instrumental (hard) and humanistic (soft). Instrumental HRM stresses the rational, quantitative and strategic aspects of managing human resources. Performance improvement and improved competitive advantage are highlighted. Humanistic HRM recognises the need for the integration of HR policies and practices with the organisation’s strategic objectives, but places emphasis on employee development, collaboration, participation, trust and informed choice. Roles of a HR manager: The HR manager is expected to understand the business as well as any line manager, and to be their equal in contributing to the organisation’s competitive success. They must develop and implement HR strategies that support the organisation’s business objectives, improve productivity, and enhance employee wellbeing. It is criticised for marginalizing employee-focused HRM responsibilities and downgrading ethical considerations. Also, it is too management focused, it creates role conflict, damaged HR credibility and challenged HR’s role as an employee advocate. 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